TY - BOOK AU - Butler, Bettie Ray AU - Williams, John A. AU - Young, Jamaal R. AU - Young, Jemimah L. AU - 2024 AU - Edosomwan, Kristian TI - Tracking the Effects: Examining the Opportunity Stratification Hypothesis in Action SN - 0022-0574 PB - Journal of Education KW - College Preparation KW - Discipline KW - Opportunity Gap KW - Tracking N2 - The relationship between academic tracking and exclusionary discipline actions has only been studied in a limited number of empirical studies. By placing students at the lower strata, schools deprive them of the educational opportunities, widening the educational opportunity gap in a process we define as "opportunity stratification." Using a quantitative analysis of data from the Educational Longitudinal Study, we found students in low-track, non-college preparatory courses had higher odds of experiencing both in-school and out-of-school suspensions when compared to students in the high-track, college preparatory courses. Our findings support the intersecting role of exclusionary discipline and tracking in opportunity stratification UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574231168634 ER -